FLAT lens in the broadcast technology

A new report in the journal Science points the way to a new lens of the future that could revolutionise optics entirely.

Lenses are curved, we all know that: that’s how they bend and focus light and that’s how they’ve done it since around the time of Aristophanes who wrote of a ‘burning glass’ that was used to light fires in his play The Clouds around 2500 years ago.
As we’ve seen recently with advances in the fields of computational photography and the like though, just because a thing is one way it doesn’t mean it necessarily always has to be so. And a new paper in the US journal Science, ‘Metalenses at visible wavelengths: Diffraction-limited focusing and subwavelength resolution imaging’ points the way to a very different future indeed.
Metalenses are flat. Very flat. And possibly cheap to produce too.
As reported by the BBC, the lens developed by the team behind the paper is made of a thin layer of transparent quartz — paint whitener, or titanium dioxide to be exact — which effectively coast a sliver of planar glass in millions of tiny pillars, each just tens of nanometres across and hundreds high. Individually, each of these pillars reacts with incoming light, their combined effect being to “slice up a light beam and remould it as the rays pass through the array.”

At the moment we’re talking very much about the micro scale — the prototypes produced so far have been limited to 2mm across due to the constraints of the manufacturing equipment at Harvard University where the research has been carried out. But so far the new optics have performed rather astonishingly; outclassing top end lenses used in research microscopes by removing the aberrations inherent in the glass and producing an image rated as 30% sharper.
Of course it is very early days, but the technology here could truly be a game-changer for the optical industry. The new metalenses could be made in the same fabrication plants as computer chips for a start, and with mass production also comes the potential to scale up the size.
"Once you have the foundry - you want a 12-inch lens? Feel free, you can make a 12-inch lens. There's no limit,” comments Professor Federico Capasso of Harvard University, the senior author of the report.
Cell phones are the first target of the tech, with Prof Capasso also reeling off a list of other uses such as quality control in factories, light-weight optics for virtual-reality headsets, even contact lenses (as the metalenses can be made with soft materials). Production lenses? We’re still at the first prototype stages, so it’s not quite time to stick that case of Primes on eBay just yet. But we are getting enough inputs now to suspect that a tipping point may not be too far in the future. The future decades of image capture could be very different from the ones that have gone before.

UHD

“Ultra HD,” of course, means much more than just higher spatial resolution (4K and 8K), even though that is to what many in the industry and consumers equate it. It includes four other image as well as immersive audio technologies. The four other image technologies are high dynamic range (HDR), wide color gamut (WCG), deeper sample bit depth (higher number of coefficient bits for the digital samples), and high frame rate (HFR). All of these technologies combined create a much more realistic and immersive TV viewing experience than today’s conventional HDTV, without requiring any special head gear (such as that required for the near-totally immersive virtual reality techniques that are also a new exciting area of discussion). 
BANDWIDTH CONSTRAINTS
As is typical, pre-produced content is ahead of live TV broadcasting for delivering UHD, with Ultra HD Blu-ray discs and some on-demand or over-the-top services already providing both 4K and HDR. This should not be a surprise: it’s much easier to implement new services when one controls both ends of the ecosystem, with only a passive delivery pipe in between. All post-production is done in advance, with the receiver/player/rendering/etc. acting on the content, unchanged by the delivery mechanism, whether via wire, wireless or “sneaker net.” With live TV broadcasting, there is no advanced post-production; all is done in real-time. Live changes (such as logo insertion, lower thirds, graphic overlays, picture-in-graphics, squeeze & tease, cross-fades for interstitials, or country-specific format conversions, etc.) could occur at each “node” along the live broadcast chain. Another major factor is available bandwidth; there simply may not be sufficient bandwidth to delivery UHD services, especially for the technologies that require a lot more bandwidth than today’s conventional HD services do. Lastly, there may be regulatory restrictions impacting new services over certain networks, such as over-the-air broadcasting, that prevent economically-viable transmission of UHD services.
As previously mentioned, all of the five image technologies combine to give a much more compelling visual user experience than today’s conventional HDTV, so if a content/service provider is able to offer a UHD service that includes all five, then fantastic. Definitely offer this compelling, much more realistic TV viewing experience. Consumers will be thrilled.
However, what if bandwidth constraints prevent the content/service provider from offering “full UHD,” so to speak? Should the provider just resign itself to continue with today’s conventional HD service? Absolutely not. The combination of HDR + WCG + 10-bit sample depth (which many of us refer to as “HDR+”) has been shown in numerous demonstrations to have fantastic “wow” factor for consumers. And the good news is, depending upon the HDR+ scheme chosen, the bandwidth increase over conventional TV (what’s now referred to as standard dynamic range + narrow color gamut + 8-bit depth) is minimal, in the general range of zero-20 percent when using the new HEVC video compression at direct-to-consumer bitrates… most definitely the Best Bang for the Bit. Compare this to 4K resolution: Even with the best video compression available today (HEVC), 4K resolution still requires somewhere around 250 percent the bandwidth of conventional HD (also coded using HEVC, for apples-apples comparison). And since the “bread and butter” of revenue still will be the conventional HD service, this bandwidth requirement most likely will be in addition to the existing service (that is, simulcast will be required).
IS 4K NEEDED? WHY NOT 1080P?
So in the case of bandwidth constraints, why not transmit in 1080p HDR+ and achieve the “wow” factor of HDR+? All 4K TVs upconvert 1080p to 2160p (4K) and the newer UHDTVs (4K + HDR+) will display an HDR+ image if the incoming stream has HDR+ coded, regardless of the spatial resolution. Many consumers may not even realize that the image was upconverted to 4K: An oft under-discussed issue is that the proper viewing distance for the human visual system to resolve 4K resolution is approximately 1.5x the picture height of a 16:9 display, whereas HD resolution can be resolved in full as far back as 3x the picture height. In most TV viewing environments today, consumers are sitting back from the display about 2.5-3.5x the picture height, therefore not really “seeing” much difference between HD and 4K.
Ericsson has done “unscientific” experiments at trade shows over the past two years, with two equal size flat screens side-by-side and we asked attendees which image they preferred (without telling them what they were looking at). Almost 100 percent would select the 1080p HDR display over the 2160p SDR display (and this was done at the proper viewing distance). This unscientific experiment is just one of many that have shown the “wow” factor of HDR+ to consumers, regardless of screen resolution.
So what about HFR? Like 4K resolution, HFR requires lots of changes in the studio and post production facilities. Its impact is also related to how fast or complex the scene motion is, so it’s extremely useful for high motion sports and nature documentaries, but doesn’t do anything much at all for “talking heads” and other low motion content. While there are examples of specialty content being shot at HFR—for video, this is defined as anything higher than 50 or 60 fps (country TV-standard specific), but it typically refers to 100 or 120 fps today—wider use of HFR likely will not occur for several more years to come, so it is not so big an issue for today.
In summary, if a provider is able to offer a UHD service that contains all of the five image technologies than definitely do it. This is just so much better than today’s conventional HD. However, if bandwidth constraints prevent “full UHD” from being delivered, the Best Bang for the Bit is definitely 1080p HDR+… with much of the “wow” factor and a far superior user experience over today’s conventional HD.

All about Triax cable

TRIAX CABLE

The TRIAX system exploits a triple co-axial construction. Instead of one shield the cable features two concentric shields. Trinax cables are like coaxial cables where the one center conductor is surrounded with two shield layers insulated from each other. You can think a triaxial (or short triax) cable as being a full coaxial cable surrounde by an extra metallic shield layer and outer insulator. Typical triax cable is like a very low loss coaxial cable with very good shielding properties. Triax cables are generally used in some instumentation and RF applications where special shielding is needed. Triax cable is ideal for high cross-talk environments such as antenna-, radar-, and broadcast systems. Triaxial connectors and cable assemblies are used where very low- and high level RF signals are transmitted simultaneously through cables which are bundled or located in high energy fields caused by radar or transmitters. In instrumentation aplications the outer shield is usually used as the earth, while the inner shield is usually fed by its own driver amplifier. Triax cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency FM carriers which are carried through the same cable. Digital Triax is Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable. Triaxial cables are primarily used for electrical connections for video cameras and transmission systems. Their high-quality materials and high-precision balanced design maximise their transmission properties (low attenuation, even characteristic impedance). The smooth outer braided screen enables cameras to be supplied with power. Triaxial cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triax is a clever (though complex and expensive) system to enable a broadcast television camera to 'communicate' with its base station by means of a single fairly light weight co-axial cable. Triax is a cable used primarily in analog video camera applications. It contains a coax, inner jacket, braid, and overall jacket. The coax is used to transmit the video signal. The two braids are used to send power and multiplex various other signals from the CCU to the camera. Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. Triaxial cables which are essentially coaxial cables with an added outer shield that lowers ground loop interference and eliminates radiated noise or cross-talk. Various triax cables are available in RG-59/U RG-6/U and RG-11/U 75 ohm constructions. The standard sizes include RG59/U and RG11/U types. The RG59/U is the smaller of the two and is generally more flexible. RG11/U has lower attenuation values that will allow longer cable runs. The metric size triaxial is similar, being the smaller size is generally more flexible and the larger size having lower attenuation values. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). In Triax applications the cable types used are generally referred with their thickness: 14 mm, 11 mm and 8 mm Triax cable. Triax cables use special tiax connectors. The TV industry generally uses the connectors made by Lemo and Fischer. There are at least three different commonly used triax connectors in TV production industry. Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency carriers which are carried through the same cable. The audio, video and control signals are then modulated to those carriers using suitable modulation (for example FM modulation). Typically the various video and audio signals from the camera are modulated into various FM radio carriers, and sent down the centre conductor. At the same time RF modulated communication, video feeds and control instructions were travelling in opposite direction back to the camera. The triax adapter sorted all of this out. The camera had power, syncronising and control signals, the cameraman had video feeds and two way communication, and the director had 'perfect' video and audio signals. For example Triax-HD used by Philips uses Y/Cr/Cb transmitted as 30/15/15 MHz frequencies. In Digital Triax system Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable in digital from (data rates up to around around 300 Mbit/s). Triax cable is not used in home video systems. Triax cable is extensively used in professional video broadcasting industry. Triax cabling is typically installed to many places where large events (concents, sports events etc.) take place for the video system to easily allow for professional broadcast applications.

The TRIAX system exploits a triple co-axial construction. Instead of one shield the cable features two concentric shields. Trinax cables are like coaxial cables where the one center conductor is surrounded with two shield layers insulated from each other. You can think a triaxial (or short triax) cable as being a full coaxial cable surrounde by an extra metallic shield layer and outer insulator. Typical triax cable is like a very low loss coaxial cable with very good shielding properties. Triax cables are generally used in some instumentation and RF applications where special shielding is needed. Triax cable is ideal for high cross-talk environments such as antenna-, radar-, and broadcast systems. Triaxial connectors and cable assemblies are used where very low- and high level RF signals are transmitted simultaneously through cables which are bundled or located in high energy fields caused by radar or transmitters. In instrumentation aplications the outer shield is usually used as the earth, while the inner shield is usually fed by its own driver amplifier. Triax cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency FM carriers which are carried through the same cable. Digital Triax is Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable. Triaxial cables are primarily used for electrical connections for video cameras and transmission systems. Their high-quality materials and high-precision balanced design maximise their transmission properties (low attenuation, even characteristic impedance). The smooth outer braided screen enables cameras to be supplied with power. Triaxial cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triax is a clever (though complex and expensive) system to enable a broadcast television camera to 'communicate' with its base station by means of a single fairly light weight co-axial cable. Triax is a cable used primarily in analog video camera applications. It contains a coax, inner jacket, braid, and overall jacket. The coax is used to transmit the video signal. The two braids are used to send power and multiplex various other signals from the CCU to the camera. Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. Triaxial cables which are essentially coaxial cables with an added outer shield that lowers ground loop interference and eliminates radiated noise or cross-talk. Various triax cables are available in RG-59/U RG-6/U and RG-11/U 75 ohm constructions. The standard sizes include RG59/U and RG11/U types. The RG59/U is the smaller of the two and is generally more flexible. RG11/U has lower attenuation values that will allow longer cable runs. The metric size triaxial is similar, being the smaller size is generally more flexible and the larger size having lower attenuation values. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). In Triax applications the cable types used are generally referred with their thickness: 14 mm, 11 mm and 8 mm Triax cable. Triax cables use special tiax connectors. The TV industry generally uses the connectors made by Lemo and Fischer. There are at least three different commonly used triax connectors in TV production industry. Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency carriers which are carried through the same cable. The audio, video and control signals are then modulated to those carriers using suitable modulation (for example FM modulation). Typically the various video and audio signals from the camera are modulated into various FM radio carriers, and sent down the centre conductor. At the same time RF modulated communication, video feeds and control instructions were travelling in opposite direction back to the camera. The triax adapter sorted all of this out. The camera had power, syncronising and control signals, the cameraman had video feeds and two way communication, and the director had 'perfect' video and audio signals. For example Triax-HD used by Philips uses Y/Cr/Cb transmitted as 30/15/15 MHz frequencies. In Digital Triax system Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable in digital from (data rates up to around around 300 Mbit/s). Triax cable is not used in home video systems. Triax cable is extensively used in professional video broadcasting industry. Triax cabling is typically installed to many places where large events (concents, sports events etc.) take place for the video system to easily allow for professional broadcast applications.

Read more at: http://www.epanorama.net/documents/video/triax.html

Triax cables The TRIAX system exploits a triple co-axial construction. Instead of one shield the cable features two concentric shields. Trinax cables are like coaxial cables where the one center conductor is surrounded with two shield layers insulated from each other. You can think a triaxial (or short triax) cable as being a full coaxial cable surrounde by an extra metallic shield layer and outer insulator. Typical triax cable is like a very low loss coaxial cable with very good shielding properties. Triax cables are generally used in some instumentation and RF applications where special shielding is needed. Triax cable is ideal for high cross-talk environments such as antenna-, radar-, and broadcast systems. Triaxial connectors and cable assemblies are used where very low- and high level RF signals are transmitted simultaneously through cables which are bundled or located in high energy fields caused by radar or transmitters. In instrumentation aplications the outer shield is usually used as the earth, while the inner shield is usually fed by its own driver amplifier. Triax cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency FM carriers which are carried through the same cable. Digital Triax is Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable. Triaxial cables are primarily used for electrical connections for video cameras and transmission systems. Their high-quality materials and high-precision balanced design maximise their transmission properties (low attenuation, even characteristic impedance). The smooth outer braided screen enables cameras to be supplied with power. Triaxial cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triax is a clever (though complex and expensive) system to enable a broadcast television camera to 'communicate' with its base station by means of a single fairly light weight co-axial cable. Triax is a cable used primarily in analog video camera applications. It contains a coax, inner jacket, braid, and overall jacket. The coax is used to transmit the video signal. The two braids are used to send power and multiplex various other signals from the CCU to the camera. Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. Triaxial cables which are essentially coaxial cables with an added outer shield that lowers ground loop interference and eliminates radiated noise or cross-talk. Various triax cables are available in RG-59/U RG-6/U and RG-11/U 75 ohm constructions. The standard sizes include RG59/U and RG11/U types. The RG59/U is the smaller of the two and is generally more flexible. RG11/U has lower attenuation values that will allow longer cable runs. The metric size triaxial is similar, being the smaller size is generally more flexible and the larger size having lower attenuation values. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). In Triax applications the cable types used are generally referred with their thickness: 14 mm, 11 mm and 8 mm Triax cable. Triax cables use special tiax connectors. The TV industry generally uses the connectors made by Lemo and Fischer. There are at least three different commonly used triax connectors in TV production industry. Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency carriers which are carried through the same cable. The audio, video and control signals are then modulated to those carriers using suitable modulation (for example FM modulation). Typically the various video and audio signals from the camera are modulated into various FM radio carriers, and sent down the centre conductor. At the same time RF modulated communication, video feeds and control instructions were travelling in opposite direction back to the camera. The triax adapter sorted all of this out. The camera had power, syncronising and control signals, the cameraman had video feeds and two way communication, and the director had 'perfect' video and audio signals. For example Triax-HD used by Philips uses Y/Cr/Cb transmitted as 30/15/15 MHz frequencies. In Digital Triax system Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable in digital from (data rates up to around around 300 Mbit/s). Triax cable is not used in home video systems. Triax cable is extensively used in professional video broadcasting industry. Triax cabling is typically installed to many places where large events (concents, sports events etc.) take place for the video system to easily allow for professional broadcast applications. In a typical triax system there are the following parts: Video camera Camera Adapter Unit (CAU): Adapter box on the camera end that connects triax cable to camera. This adapter receives signals from triax and connect those to camera. Camera Control Unit (CCU): This is the unit on the video control room where the triax cable. It sends camera power to triax cable and adapts all the signals on triax cable to suitable signals that can be connected to rest of video production system. All camera control functions are available from the control panel located at the CCU. Triax cable: The cable between CCU and CAU When using triax cable, the overall system is powered by AC power at the CCU. Because the cable length can be very long (up to hundreds of meters) and considerable power needs to be transported (large camera and local monitor), the voltages transported through the triax cable can be quite high (up to 160V DC or 250V AC on some systems) to allow long distance power transfer (resistance can be 5-30 ohms per kilometer). The high supply voltage is converted in the camera adapter to 12V DC by a switched mode power supply. Because of high voltages on the cable, there are various special precautions that are taken in account to monitor earth leakage etc. to prevent electric shock under fault (damaged cable) conditions. Do not connect or disconnect the triax cable with the system powered up. Avoid the possibility that anyone can get into contact with the signals on the cable. For professional video use, it is recommended that the used triax cable is made of pure copper. The DC resistance of copper-coated steel triax cable is much higher and maximum cable length may be limited to one-third or less of rated length due to power losses in the cable. A typical triax system has the bi-directional signal multiplexing capability that provides power, genlock, return video, program audio, intercom, tally and complete camera control from the CCU to the CAU. Adaptation to use coax cable: The same multiplexing idea as used in triax can be used also with coax cable. In coax adaptations, the same signals are carried through 75 ohm coaxial cable but the cameras are locally powered from some other source than through the cable.

Read more at: http://www.epanorama.net/documents/video/triax.html

Triax cables The TRIAX system exploits a triple co-axial construction. Instead of one shield the cable features two concentric shields. Trinax cables are like coaxial cables where the one center conductor is surrounded with two shield layers insulated from each other. You can think a triaxial (or short triax) cable as being a full coaxial cable surrounde by an extra metallic shield layer and outer insulator. Typical triax cable is like a very low loss coaxial cable with very good shielding properties. Triax cables are generally used in some instumentation and RF applications where special shielding is needed. Triax cable is ideal for high cross-talk environments such as antenna-, radar-, and broadcast systems. Triaxial connectors and cable assemblies are used where very low- and high level RF signals are transmitted simultaneously through cables which are bundled or located in high energy fields caused by radar or transmitters. In instrumentation aplications the outer shield is usually used as the earth, while the inner shield is usually fed by its own driver amplifier. Triax cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency FM carriers which are carried through the same cable. Digital Triax is Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable. Triaxial cables are primarily used for electrical connections for video cameras and transmission systems. Their high-quality materials and high-precision balanced design maximise their transmission properties (low attenuation, even characteristic impedance). The smooth outer braided screen enables cameras to be supplied with power. Triaxial cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triax is a clever (though complex and expensive) system to enable a broadcast television camera to 'communicate' with its base station by means of a single fairly light weight co-axial cable. Triax is a cable used primarily in analog video camera applications. It contains a coax, inner jacket, braid, and overall jacket. The coax is used to transmit the video signal. The two braids are used to send power and multiplex various other signals from the CCU to the camera. Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. Triaxial cables which are essentially coaxial cables with an added outer shield that lowers ground loop interference and eliminates radiated noise or cross-talk. Various triax cables are available in RG-59/U RG-6/U and RG-11/U 75 ohm constructions. The standard sizes include RG59/U and RG11/U types. The RG59/U is the smaller of the two and is generally more flexible. RG11/U has lower attenuation values that will allow longer cable runs. The metric size triaxial is similar, being the smaller size is generally more flexible and the larger size having lower attenuation values. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). In Triax applications the cable types used are generally referred with their thickness: 14 mm, 11 mm and 8 mm Triax cable. Triax cables use special tiax connectors. The TV industry generally uses the connectors made by Lemo and Fischer. There are at least three different commonly used triax connectors in TV production industry. Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency carriers which are carried through the same cable. The audio, video and control signals are then modulated to those carriers using suitable modulation (for example FM modulation). Typically the various video and audio signals from the camera are modulated into various FM radio carriers, and sent down the centre conductor. At the same time RF modulated communication, video feeds and control instructions were travelling in opposite direction back to the camera. The triax adapter sorted all of this out. The camera had power, syncronising and control signals, the cameraman had video feeds and two way communication, and the director had 'perfect' video and audio signals. For example Triax-HD used by Philips uses Y/Cr/Cb transmitted as 30/15/15 MHz frequencies. In Digital Triax system Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable in digital from (data rates up to around around 300 Mbit/s). Triax cable is not used in home video systems. Triax cable is extensively used in professional video broadcasting industry. Triax cabling is typically installed to many places where large events (concents, sports events etc.) take place for the video system to easily allow for professional broadcast applications. In a typical triax system there are the following parts: Video camera Camera Adapter Unit (CAU): Adapter box on the camera end that connects triax cable to camera. This adapter receives signals from triax and connect those to camera. Camera Control Unit (CCU): This is the unit on the video control room where the triax cable. It sends camera power to triax cable and adapts all the signals on triax cable to suitable signals that can be connected to rest of video production system. All camera control functions are available from the control panel located at the CCU. Triax cable: The cable between CCU and CAU When using triax cable, the overall system is powered by AC power at the CCU. Because the cable length can be very long (up to hundreds of meters) and considerable power needs to be transported (large camera and local monitor), the voltages transported through the triax cable can be quite high (up to 160V DC or 250V AC on some systems) to allow long distance power transfer (resistance can be 5-30 ohms per kilometer). The high supply voltage is converted in the camera adapter to 12V DC by a switched mode power supply. Because of high voltages on the cable, there are various special precautions that are taken in account to monitor earth leakage etc. to prevent electric shock under fault (damaged cable) conditions. Do not connect or disconnect the triax cable with the system powered up. Avoid the possibility that anyone can get into contact with the signals on the cable. For professional video use, it is recommended that the used triax cable is made of pure copper. The DC resistance of copper-coated steel triax cable is much higher and maximum cable length may be limited to one-third or less of rated length due to power losses in the cable. A typical triax system has the bi-directional signal multiplexing capability that provides power, genlock, return video, program audio, intercom, tally and complete camera control from the CCU to the CAU. Adaptation to use coax cable: The same multiplexing idea as used in triax can be used also with coax cable. In coax adaptations, the same signals are carried through 75 ohm coaxial cable but the cameras are locally powered from some other source than through the cable.

Read more at: http://www.epanorama.net/documents/video/triax.html

Triax cables The TRIAX system exploits a triple co-axial construction. Instead of one shield the cable features two concentric shields. Trinax cables are like coaxial cables where the one center conductor is surrounded with two shield layers insulated from each other. You can think a triaxial (or short triax) cable as being a full coaxial cable surrounde by an extra metallic shield layer and outer insulator. Typical triax cable is like a very low loss coaxial cable with very good shielding properties. Triax cables are generally used in some instumentation and RF applications where special shielding is needed. Triax cable is ideal for high cross-talk environments such as antenna-, radar-, and broadcast systems. Triaxial connectors and cable assemblies are used where very low- and high level RF signals are transmitted simultaneously through cables which are bundled or located in high energy fields caused by radar or transmitters. In instrumentation aplications the outer shield is usually used as the earth, while the inner shield is usually fed by its own driver amplifier. Triax cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency FM carriers which are carried through the same cable. Digital Triax is Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable. Triaxial cables are primarily used for electrical connections for video cameras and transmission systems. Their high-quality materials and high-precision balanced design maximise their transmission properties (low attenuation, even characteristic impedance). The smooth outer braided screen enables cameras to be supplied with power. Triaxial cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triax is a clever (though complex and expensive) system to enable a broadcast television camera to 'communicate' with its base station by means of a single fairly light weight co-axial cable. Triax is a cable used primarily in analog video camera applications. It contains a coax, inner jacket, braid, and overall jacket. The coax is used to transmit the video signal. The two braids are used to send power and multiplex various other signals from the CCU to the camera. Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. Triaxial cables which are essentially coaxial cables with an added outer shield that lowers ground loop interference and eliminates radiated noise or cross-talk. Various triax cables are available in RG-59/U RG-6/U and RG-11/U 75 ohm constructions. The standard sizes include RG59/U and RG11/U types. The RG59/U is the smaller of the two and is generally more flexible. RG11/U has lower attenuation values that will allow longer cable runs. The metric size triaxial is similar, being the smaller size is generally more flexible and the larger size having lower attenuation values. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). In Triax applications the cable types used are generally referred with their thickness: 14 mm, 11 mm and 8 mm Triax cable. Triax cables use special tiax connectors. The TV industry generally uses the connectors made by Lemo and Fischer. There are at least three different commonly used triax connectors in TV production industry. Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency carriers which are carried through the same cable. The audio, video and control signals are then modulated to those carriers using suitable modulation (for example FM modulation). Typically the various video and audio signals from the camera are modulated into various FM radio carriers, and sent down the centre conductor. At the same time RF modulated communication, video feeds and control instructions were travelling in opposite direction back to the camera. The triax adapter sorted all of this out. The camera had power, syncronising and control signals, the cameraman had video feeds and two way communication, and the director had 'perfect' video and audio signals. For example Triax-HD used by Philips uses Y/Cr/Cb transmitted as 30/15/15 MHz frequencies. In Digital Triax system Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable in digital from (data rates up to around around 300 Mbit/s). Triax cable is not used in home video systems. Triax cable is extensively used in professional video broadcasting industry. Triax cabling is typically installed to many places where large events (concents, sports events etc.) take place for the video system to easily allow for professional broadcast applications. In a typical triax system there are the following parts: Video camera Camera Adapter Unit (CAU): Adapter box on the camera end that connects triax cable to camera. This adapter receives signals from triax and connect those to camera. Camera Control Unit (CCU): This is the unit on the video control room where the triax cable. It sends camera power to triax cable and adapts all the signals on triax cable to suitable signals that can be connected to rest of video production system. All camera control functions are available from the control panel located at the CCU. Triax cable: The cable between CCU and CAU When using triax cable, the overall system is powered by AC power at the CCU. Because the cable length can be very long (up to hundreds of meters) and considerable power needs to be transported (large camera and local monitor), the voltages transported through the triax cable can be quite high (up to 160V DC or 250V AC on some systems) to allow long distance power transfer (resistance can be 5-30 ohms per kilometer). The high supply voltage is converted in the camera adapter to 12V DC by a switched mode power supply. Because of high voltages on the cable, there are various special precautions that are taken in account to monitor earth leakage etc. to prevent electric shock under fault (damaged cable) conditions. Do not connect or disconnect the triax cable with the system powered up. Avoid the possibility that anyone can get into contact with the signals on the cable. For professional video use, it is recommended that the used triax cable is made of pure copper. The DC resistance of copper-coated steel triax cable is much higher and maximum cable length may be limited to one-third or less of rated length due to power losses in the cable. A typical triax system has the bi-directional signal multiplexing capability that provides power, genlock, return video, program audio, intercom, tally and complete camera control from the CCU to the CAU. Adaptation to use coax cable: The same multiplexing idea as used in triax can be used also with coax cable. In coax adaptations, the same signals are carried through 75 ohm coaxial cable but the cameras are locally powered from some other source than through the cable.

Read more at: http://www.epanorama.net/documents/video/triax.html

Triax cables The TRIAX system exploits a triple co-axial construction. Instead of one shield the cable features two concentric shields. Trinax cables are like coaxial cables where the one center conductor is surrounded with two shield layers insulated from each other. You can think a triaxial (or short triax) cable as being a full coaxial cable surrounde by an extra metallic shield layer and outer insulator. Typical triax cable is like a very low loss coaxial cable with very good shielding properties. Triax cables are generally used in some instumentation and RF applications where special shielding is needed. Triax cable is ideal for high cross-talk environments such as antenna-, radar-, and broadcast systems. Triaxial connectors and cable assemblies are used where very low- and high level RF signals are transmitted simultaneously through cables which are bundled or located in high energy fields caused by radar or transmitters. In instrumentation aplications the outer shield is usually used as the earth, while the inner shield is usually fed by its own driver amplifier. Triax cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency FM carriers which are carried through the same cable. Digital Triax is Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable. Triaxial cables are primarily used for electrical connections for video cameras and transmission systems. Their high-quality materials and high-precision balanced design maximise their transmission properties (low attenuation, even characteristic impedance). The smooth outer braided screen enables cameras to be supplied with power. Triaxial cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triax is a clever (though complex and expensive) system to enable a broadcast television camera to 'communicate' with its base station by means of a single fairly light weight co-axial cable. Triax is a cable used primarily in analog video camera applications. It contains a coax, inner jacket, braid, and overall jacket. The coax is used to transmit the video signal. The two braids are used to send power and multiplex various other signals from the CCU to the camera. Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. Triaxial cables which are essentially coaxial cables with an added outer shield that lowers ground loop interference and eliminates radiated noise or cross-talk. Various triax cables are available in RG-59/U RG-6/U and RG-11/U 75 ohm constructions. The standard sizes include RG59/U and RG11/U types. The RG59/U is the smaller of the two and is generally more flexible. RG11/U has lower attenuation values that will allow longer cable runs. The metric size triaxial is similar, being the smaller size is generally more flexible and the larger size having lower attenuation values. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). In Triax applications the cable types used are generally referred with their thickness: 14 mm, 11 mm and 8 mm Triax cable. Triax cables use special tiax connectors. The TV industry generally uses the connectors made by Lemo and Fischer. There are at least three different commonly used triax connectors in TV production industry. Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency carriers which are carried through the same cable. The audio, video and control signals are then modulated to those carriers using suitable modulation (for example FM modulation). Typically the various video and audio signals from the camera are modulated into various FM radio carriers, and sent down the centre conductor. At the same time RF modulated communication, video feeds and control instructions were travelling in opposite direction back to the camera. The triax adapter sorted all of this out. The camera had power, syncronising and control signals, the cameraman had video feeds and two way communication, and the director had 'perfect' video and audio signals. For example Triax-HD used by Philips uses Y/Cr/Cb transmitted as 30/15/15 MHz frequencies. In Digital Triax system Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable in digital from (data rates up to around around 300 Mbit/s). Triax cable is not used in home video systems. Triax cable is extensively used in professional video broadcasting industry. Triax cabling is typically installed to many places where large events (concents, sports events etc.) take place for the video system to easily allow for professional broadcast applications. In a typical triax system there are the following parts: Video camera Camera Adapter Unit (CAU): Adapter box on the camera end that connects triax cable to camera. This adapter receives signals from triax and connect those to camera. Camera Control Unit (CCU): This is the unit on the video control room where the triax cable. It sends camera power to triax cable and adapts all the signals on triax cable to suitable signals that can be connected to rest of video production system. All camera control functions are available from the control panel located at the CCU. Triax cable: The cable between CCU and CAU When using triax cable, the overall system is powered by AC power at the CCU. Because the cable length can be very long (up to hundreds of meters) and considerable power needs to be transported (large camera and local monitor), the voltages transported through the triax cable can be quite high (up to 160V DC or 250V AC on some systems) to allow long distance power transfer (resistance can be 5-30 ohms per kilometer). The high supply voltage is converted in the camera adapter to 12V DC by a switched mode power supply. Because of high voltages on the cable, there are various special precautions that are taken in account to monitor earth leakage etc. to prevent electric shock under fault (damaged cable) conditions. Do not connect or disconnect the triax cable with the system powered up. Avoid the possibility that anyone can get into contact with the signals on the cable. For professional video use, it is recommended that the used triax cable is made of pure copper. The DC resistance of copper-coated steel triax cable is much higher and maximum cable length may be limited to one-third or less of rated length due to power losses in the cable. A typical triax system has the bi-directional signal multiplexing capability that provides power, genlock, return video, program audio, intercom, tally and complete camera control from the CCU to the CAU. Adaptation to use coax cable: The same multiplexing idea as used in triax can be used also with coax cable. In coax adaptations, the same signals are carried through 75 ohm coaxial cable but the cameras are locally powered from some other source than through the cable.

Read more at: http://www.epanorama.net/documents/video/triax.html

Triax cables The TRIAX system exploits a triple co-axial construction. Instead of one shield the cable features two concentric shields. Trinax cables are like coaxial cables where the one center conductor is surrounded with two shield layers insulated from each other. You can think a triaxial (or short triax) cable as being a full coaxial cable surrounde by an extra metallic shield layer and outer insulator. Typical triax cable is like a very low loss coaxial cable with very good shielding properties. Triax cables are generally used in some instumentation and RF applications where special shielding is needed. Triax cable is ideal for high cross-talk environments such as antenna-, radar-, and broadcast systems. Triaxial connectors and cable assemblies are used where very low- and high level RF signals are transmitted simultaneously through cables which are bundled or located in high energy fields caused by radar or transmitters. In instrumentation aplications the outer shield is usually used as the earth, while the inner shield is usually fed by its own driver amplifier. Triax cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency FM carriers which are carried through the same cable. Digital Triax is Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable. Triaxial cables are primarily used for electrical connections for video cameras and transmission systems. Their high-quality materials and high-precision balanced design maximise their transmission properties (low attenuation, even characteristic impedance). The smooth outer braided screen enables cameras to be supplied with power. Triaxial cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triax is a clever (though complex and expensive) system to enable a broadcast television camera to 'communicate' with its base station by means of a single fairly light weight co-axial cable. Triax is a cable used primarily in analog video camera applications. It contains a coax, inner jacket, braid, and overall jacket. The coax is used to transmit the video signal. The two braids are used to send power and multiplex various other signals from the CCU to the camera. Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. Triaxial cables which are essentially coaxial cables with an added outer shield that lowers ground loop interference and eliminates radiated noise or cross-talk. Various triax cables are available in RG-59/U RG-6/U and RG-11/U 75 ohm constructions. The standard sizes include RG59/U and RG11/U types. The RG59/U is the smaller of the two and is generally more flexible. RG11/U has lower attenuation values that will allow longer cable runs. The metric size triaxial is similar, being the smaller size is generally more flexible and the larger size having lower attenuation values. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). In Triax applications the cable types used are generally referred with their thickness: 14 mm, 11 mm and 8 mm Triax cable. Triax cables use special tiax connectors. The TV industry generally uses the connectors made by Lemo and Fischer. There are at least three different commonly used triax connectors in TV production industry. Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency carriers which are carried through the same cable. The audio, video and control signals are then modulated to those carriers using suitable modulation (for example FM modulation). Typically the various video and audio signals from the camera are modulated into various FM radio carriers, and sent down the centre conductor. At the same time RF modulated communication, video feeds and control instructions were travelling in opposite direction back to the camera. The triax adapter sorted all of this out. The camera had power, syncronising and control signals, the cameraman had video feeds and two way communication, and the director had 'perfect' video and audio signals. For example Triax-HD used by Philips uses Y/Cr/Cb transmitted as 30/15/15 MHz frequencies. In Digital Triax system Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable in digital from (data rates up to around around 300 Mbit/s). Triax cable is not used in home video systems. Triax cable is extensively used in professional video broadcasting industry. Triax cabling is typically installed to many places where large events (concents, sports events etc.) take place for the video system to easily allow for professional broadcast applications. In a typical triax system there are the following parts: Video camera Camera Adapter Unit (CAU): Adapter box on the camera end that connects triax cable to camera. This adapter receives signals from triax and connect those to camera. Camera Control Unit (CCU): This is the unit on the video control room where the triax cable. It sends camera power to triax cable and adapts all the signals on triax cable to suitable signals that can be connected to rest of video production system. All camera control functions are available from the control panel located at the CCU. Triax cable: The cable between CCU and CAU When using triax cable, the overall system is powered by AC power at the CCU. Because the cable length can be very long (up to hundreds of meters) and considerable power needs to be transported (large camera and local monitor), the voltages transported through the triax cable can be quite high (up to 160V DC or 250V AC on some systems) to allow long distance power transfer (resistance can be 5-30 ohms per kilometer). The high supply voltage is converted in the camera adapter to 12V DC by a switched mode power supply. Because of high voltages on the cable, there are various special precautions that are taken in account to monitor earth leakage etc. to prevent electric shock under fault (damaged cable) conditions. Do not connect or disconnect the triax cable with the system powered up. Avoid the possibility that anyone can get into contact with the signals on the cable. For professional video use, it is recommended that the used triax cable is made of pure copper. The DC resistance of copper-coated steel triax cable is much higher and maximum cable length may be limited to one-third or less of rated length due to power losses in the cable. A typical triax system has the bi-directional signal multiplexing capability that provides power, genlock, return video, program audio, intercom, tally and complete camera control from the CCU to the CAU. Adaptation to use coax cable: The same multiplexing idea as used in triax can be used also with coax cable. In coax adaptations, the same signals are carried through 75 ohm coaxial cable but the cameras are locally powered from some other source than through the cable.

Read more at: http://www.epanorama.net/documents/video/triax.html

Triax cables The TRIAX system exploits a triple co-axial construction. Instead of one shield the cable features two concentric shields. Trinax cables are like coaxial cables where the one center conductor is surrounded with two shield layers insulated from each other. You can think a triaxial (or short triax) cable as being a full coaxial cable surrounde by an extra metallic shield layer and outer insulator. Typical triax cable is like a very low loss coaxial cable with very good shielding properties. Triax cables are generally used in some instumentation and RF applications where special shielding is needed. Triax cable is ideal for high cross-talk environments such as antenna-, radar-, and broadcast systems. Triaxial connectors and cable assemblies are used where very low- and high level RF signals are transmitted simultaneously through cables which are bundled or located in high energy fields caused by radar or transmitters. In instrumentation aplications the outer shield is usually used as the earth, while the inner shield is usually fed by its own driver amplifier. Triax cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency FM carriers which are carried through the same cable. Digital Triax is Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable. Triaxial cables are primarily used for electrical connections for video cameras and transmission systems. Their high-quality materials and high-precision balanced design maximise their transmission properties (low attenuation, even characteristic impedance). The smooth outer braided screen enables cameras to be supplied with power. Triaxial cables are used in TV broadcast industry for TV camera interconnections (connecting camera to CCU and supplying power to camera). Triax is a clever (though complex and expensive) system to enable a broadcast television camera to 'communicate' with its base station by means of a single fairly light weight co-axial cable. Triax is a cable used primarily in analog video camera applications. It contains a coax, inner jacket, braid, and overall jacket. The coax is used to transmit the video signal. The two braids are used to send power and multiplex various other signals from the CCU to the camera. Triaxial cables are constructed with a solid or stranded center conductor and two isolated shields. Triaxial cables which are essentially coaxial cables with an added outer shield that lowers ground loop interference and eliminates radiated noise or cross-talk. Various triax cables are available in RG-59/U RG-6/U and RG-11/U 75 ohm constructions. The standard sizes include RG59/U and RG11/U types. The RG59/U is the smaller of the two and is generally more flexible. RG11/U has lower attenuation values that will allow longer cable runs. The metric size triaxial is similar, being the smaller size is generally more flexible and the larger size having lower attenuation values. The center conductor and the inner isolated shield make up a coaxial cable configuration that functions to carry the video signal. The outer isolated shield can be used for several separate signals by means of multiplexing that may include power feed, teleprompter feeds and control for automation. Triax Cable is designed with two isolated shields to provide multiple functions through one cable to your camera such as power. There are two versions of triax cable commonly used in TV industry: RG59 (3/8") and RG11 (1/2"). In Triax applications the cable types used are generally referred with their thickness: 14 mm, 11 mm and 8 mm Triax cable. Triax cables use special tiax connectors. The TV industry generally uses the connectors made by Lemo and Fischer. There are at least three different commonly used triax connectors in TV production industry. Typical triax camera system can send the picture from over a triax cable for up to 500 meters with no degradation. Camera set-ups that can be remotely adjusted though ta cable, as well as usually intercom functions. There are (at least have been) two types of triax systems in use in broadcast industry: analogue triax and digital triax. In conventional Analog Triax the signals (component video, audio, intercom, control etc.) are modulated onto different frequency carriers which are carried through the same cable. The audio, video and control signals are then modulated to those carriers using suitable modulation (for example FM modulation). Typically the various video and audio signals from the camera are modulated into various FM radio carriers, and sent down the centre conductor. At the same time RF modulated communication, video feeds and control instructions were travelling in opposite direction back to the camera. The triax adapter sorted all of this out. The camera had power, syncronising and control signals, the cameraman had video feeds and two way communication, and the director had 'perfect' video and audio signals. For example Triax-HD used by Philips uses Y/Cr/Cb transmitted as 30/15/15 MHz frequencies. In Digital Triax system Component Digital video (plus other signals) running down the cable in digital from (data rates up to around around 300 Mbit/s). Triax cable is not used in home video systems. Triax cable is extensively used in professional video broadcasting industry. Triax cabling is typically installed to many places where large events (concents, sports events etc.) take place for the video system to easily allow for professional broadcast applications. In a typical triax system there are the following parts: Video camera Camera Adapter Unit (CAU): Adapter box on the camera end that connects triax cable to camera. This adapter receives signals from triax and connect those to camera. Camera Control Unit (CCU): This is the unit on the video control room where the triax cable. It sends camera power to triax cable and adapts all the signals on triax cable to suitable signals that can be connected to rest of video production system. All camera control functions are available from the control panel located at the CCU. Triax cable: The cable between CCU and CAU When using triax cable, the overall system is powered by AC power at the CCU. Because the cable length can be very long (up to hundreds of meters) and considerable power needs to be transported (large camera and local monitor), the voltages transported through the triax cable can be quite high (up to 160V DC or 250V AC on some systems) to allow long distance power transfer (resistance can be 5-30 ohms per kilometer). The high supply voltage is converted in the camera adapter to 12V DC by a switched mode power supply. Because of high voltages on the cable, there are various special precautions that are taken in account to monitor earth leakage etc. to prevent electric shock under fault (damaged cable) conditions. Do not connect or disconnect the triax cable with the system powered up. Avoid the possibility that anyone can get into contact with the signals on the cable. For professional video use, it is recommended that the used triax cable is made of pure copper. The DC resistance of copper-coated steel triax cable is much higher and maximum cable length may be limited to one-third or less of rated length due to power losses in the cable. A typical triax system has the bi-directional signal multiplexing capability that provides power, genlock, return video, program audio, intercom, tally and complete camera control from the CCU to the CAU. Adaptation to use coax cable: The same multiplexing idea as used in triax can be used also with coax cable. In coax adaptations, the same signals are carried through 75 ohm coaxial cable but the cameras are locally powered from some other source than through the cable.

Read more at: http://www.epanorama.net/documents/video/triax.html

COAX-TRIAX-QUADRAX

Coax (coaxial cable) 

consists of two conductors which share the same axis. To do this, and to separate them electrically, at least one must be cylindrical and larger in diameter than the other. Coaxial cables are inherently unbalanced, which may be bad news concerning immunity to EMI, but this is often overcome by their efficiency in connecting to high frequency antennas. The choice of coax is ordinarily dictated by the antenna design itself.

In referring, above, to “at least one must be cylindrical,” this acknowledges use of a hollow center conductor used in some large cables to take advantage of the skin effect (at high frequencies) in which nearly all the signal is confined to the outside of the conductor. The core material can be eliminated with little effect on performance, and can result in reduced weight or cost.

Interestingly, there are specially designed coaxial cables which, themselves, function as antennas. They are constructed with a slit or perforated shield, which ordinarily would be a poor design, but leak enough signal to/from the center conductor that they radiate over their entire length. These are used, for example, in subway tunnels to provide RF access to those systems operating underground.

There are many designs of coax, including those with sophisticated, highly-effective multiple shields, and many different cable diameters with corresponding higher losses in smaller [center conductor] gauges and low loss in the larger gauges. And there are many differences in insulation materials which affect safety, flexibility, and signal handling. The technology is constantly changing.
Multiple shields in coax are normally "unitized," that is, electrically connected to one another.

 

Triax 

resembles coax in that all the conductors share the same axis, but there are three of them. At least two of these must be cylindrical and insulated from one another and the third conductor. So it is a three-conductor "co-"axial cable.
Triax can be used in many coax applications, but offers an additional, separate shield — not just another layer of shielding. The outer shield covers the "coax" inside and can add an extra measure of EMI protection.

 Quadrax 

Quadrax is a four-conductor cable. The two separate shields share the same axis, but the two remaining conductors are a twisted pair. Like triax, the shields are insulated from one another, which helps improve noise immunity.
It is also well suited to confining noisy signals, such as pulses, from interfering with other low-level circuits. This explains its application in radar display buses.
Its greatest usefulness is below 50 MHz.

Twinax 

twinax also has two twisted conductors, but they are surrounded by a single (or double, but not isolated) shield. Twinax almost completely violates the common-axis idea — unless you consider the "pseudo"-axis of the twisted pair. (Historically, the name was devised to imply a "next generation" of coax, primarily in data communications applications, though twinax is no longer a preferred medium for new applications in this market.)

Mobile DTV backers celebrate commercial launch with D.C. event

Lawmakers, policy makers, broadcasters and consumer electronics vendors today gathered in Washington, D.C., for an event marking the commercial launch of Mobile DTV.
The event, held in the Rayburn House Office Building, is giving those in government a firsthand look at mobile phones, media table adapters, media players and portable sets capable of receiving Mobile DTV while on the go.
Hosted by the Open Mobile Video Coalition (OMVC), the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), and the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) and sponsored by Dyle mobile TV, LG Electronics, Harris, Samsung, the Mobile500 Alliance, Elgato and Rentrak, the event demonstrates Mobile DTV is a viable broadcast service.
“Today, Mobile TV is live in 50 markets reaching more than half of the U.S. population,” said Vince Sadusky, president of the OMVC and president and CEO of LIN Media. “Now that the first consumer devices are available in retail stores, we are excited to celebrate the commercial launch of Mobile DTV.” Currently, more than 130 stations are on air in those 50 markets with Mobile DTV.
The event included demonstrations of the new Samsung Galaxy S Lightray 4G* smartphone, the  first commercial mobile phone equipped with Dyle mobile TV service. Wireless carrier MetroPCS is making the Galaxy S Lightray 4G with Mobile DTV reception available to consumers.
Other demonstrations included new accessory devices to provide mobile TV capability to tablets and media players and a new portable mobile TV equipped with WiFi capability.
The Capitol Hill event also marks the commercialization of the new Mobile Emergency Alert System (M-EAS) that goes beyond today’s electronic text alerts for mobile devices, offering real-time video, maps, photos, and urgent information in the event of an emergency. Demonstrated by LG Electronics and Harris Broadcast, M-EAS is currently being standardized by the ATSC, which also developed the A/153 Mobile Digital TV broadcast standard.

Current Trends Shaping the Television Industry

 TV Embraces the Internet

 

Thanks to Hulu and Netflix, people don’t necessarily need television sets in order to consume media. But while the recession prompted consumers to cut back on dining out and other frivolities, they did continue to spend on home entertainment, which has prompted many TV manufacturers invest in new, Internet-enabled models. So even while traditional television is being challenged by the rise of Internet video streaming, manufacturers are embracing new consumer behaviors.

Look at Sony’s search-centric Google TV, for example. The set allows user to search for “Seinfeld,” and call up air times, cast information from IMDB and information on where the content can be viewed on the web — it’s a more holistic and streamlined experience.

There are several other ways to stream web content to your TV, including the use of connected devices like Boxee Box. The symbiosis between Internet, apps and TV could keep the TV industry going strong.

 

The Box Office Pulls People Away From Their TVs

 

 

The movie industry has also affected TV consumerism — the rise of 3D movies has pulled consumers away from their sofas and into cinemas, where they can indulge in a highly visual experience for a few bucks more than a regular movie. While 3D TVs exist, they come at a hefty price and don’t yet provide the same level of viewer immersion.

3D technology was touted as the next frontier in the TV industry, but consumers don’t seem to be latching on — in a 2010 study, 83% of survey respondents said 3D technology isn’t enough to make them want to buy a new TV, and nearly one-third of people say 3D doesn’t enhance the viewing experience. It seems that 3D technology is preferred on the big screens of movie theaters and not in one’s home. Just 3% of TV owners own a 3D TV, but there’s not much 3D content out there to keep them entertained. The resistance also can be attributed to the glasses factor: many people find them uncomfortable, inconvenient and, in some cases, nausea-inducing.

LCD and Flat-Panel Screens Dominate

 

More than 60% of Mintel’s respondents own a flat-panel TV. Competition among television brands in 2010 drove down the price of TV sets, which in turn spurred growth in the volume of TV sales.

While Sony remains the big fish in the TV space — commanding 20% of the market share — bargain brands are gaining steam. Samsung and LG both made big strides in market share, but Vizio is presenting the greatest challenge to Sony, thanks to its placement in stores like Walmart and Sam’s Club.

Value brands like Vizio, which boast similar technology to the premium brands, but at a better price, have slashed prices by 20%. A 55″ edge-lit LED LCD HDTV was sold for $1,829.99 by Vizio and for $2,299.99 by Sony and Samsung — that’s a $400 spread, and 30% of consumers say they’d go with an unfamiliar brand if it would save them more than $200.

But it’s not enough to have a flat-panel TV — LCD screens represented 78% of factory sales in 2010. Although sales totals declined — much in part because the actual price tag on LCD TVs has decreased — LCD penetration more than tripled to 39% from 2006 to 2010.

And apparently, size matters. If you’re going for all the high tech features, you may as well go big or go home. Half of the TVs in America are now in excess of 40″.

Despite the sales spikes for these new TV features, the average number of TVs per household has not changed — the market share is rising because consumers are “trading up” for bigger and better televisions.

TV Is Going Social

 

Television viewers are often multitasking — they watch their favorite shows while interacting on social media platforms via their tablets, smartphones and laptops. A Deloitte survey found that 42% of Americans surf the web while watching television, 29% talk on their phones while the TV is on and 26% of consumers are texting or sending IMs.

According to TV Guide, Twitter leads Facebook when it comes to social engagement during a show’s airtime — a phenomenon known as “social TV.” 50% of users said they tweet about the show they’re currently watching, while only 35% say they post to Facebook. Interestingly, the most social TV shows are not necessarily the ones with the highest Nielsen rankings — they’re the ones that spur conversation and have super passionate fans. American Idol, Glee and Smallville cracked the top ten, even though they’re all in different echelons of Nielsen ratings.

At Mashable Connect, TV Guide‘s Christy Tanner spoke about social TV and where it’s going — the video of her talk is embedded above. Tanner said the reason people are inclined to share their opinions on their favorite TV shows is that it’s not a controversial topic, like politics, and it’s not boring, like the weather. And so, we share our thoughts with our friends on Facebook, Twitter and other sites.

Advertising Is More Targeted

 

 

Some TV brands have begun to target demographics more specifically. While they used to target the “Under 45” crowd, Samsung now targets young families, males under 35 and active and childless 25-34-years olds.

Likewise, Toshiba ads speak to independent millennial women; Sharp appeals to tech-savvy consumers with Star Trek actor George Takei, and Vizio targets shopping-savvy and trendy twenty-somethings.

You might also notice more advertising targeted toward fathers. Dads are more receptive to television product marketing, as tech is something male friends talk about over beer, and a father could justify a new television as a big investment that will benefit and entertain the whole family. Television companies may try to target dads directly — maybe with a commercial of one family with a souped up TV being happier than a family without such a TV — or via the children. A 3D TV would make gaming and other TV-based activities more exciting, for example, so the kids might give dad that extra push to splurge.

Demographic Trends and Fun Facts

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The Mintel report is littered with interesting tidbits and data gleaned from its survey. Here are some interesting trends and stats:

• Flat-panel TVs remains most dominant in households with incomes that exceed $100,000. Not surprisingly, this demographic is also more likely to own a TV larger than 50”.
• Purchasers tend to want the biggest TV screen they can afford, which suggests that size trumps technology and features.
• Those under 45 or with children are more likely to have a large TV screen.
• Interest in Netflix is as high among 45-54 year olds as it is among 25-34 year olds.
• 21% of respondents would pay up to $100 more for an energy-efficient TV.
• 34% of respondents would like to upgrade at least one TV in the home.
• 49% of respondents like to have a TV in the bedroom.
• 18% of respondents like to have a TV in the kitchen.

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